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 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 41  |  Issue : 1  |  Page : 51-56

Associating personality disorders in fathers with substance-related disorder and their index child behavioral problems: a cross-sectional study


1 Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
2 Psychiatry, Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Date of Submission11-Jul-2019
Date of Decision20-Jul-2019
Date of Acceptance28-Jul-2019
Date of Web Publication22-Jan-2020

Correspondence Address:
MD, MRCPsyc Samah H Rabei
Neuropsychiatry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Helwan University, Helwan, 11727
Egypt
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Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_25_19

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  Abstract 


Background Paternal comorbid personality disorder among fathers with substance-related disorder may directly throw its effect on child monitoring and disciplinary practices or indirectly through its impact on the interparental relationship on their children and adolescents.
Objective The objective of this study was to illustrate the pattern of behavioral problems of children and adolescents of substance-related disorder fathers with comorbid personality disorder, and to explore the association between these behavioral problems of children and adolescents.
Patients and methods One hundred patients were recruited from the inpatient wards and outpatient clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. They were subjected to a structured clinical interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV Axis I diagnosis (clinical version), SCID-II and child behavior checklist.
Results and conclusion Depressive, paranoid, passive aggressive, narcissistic, and antisocial personality disorders in fathers with substance-related disorder have the worst impact on child behavioral problems..

Keywords: behavioral problems, children and adolescents, personality disorders, substance-related disorder


How to cite this article:
Rabei SH, El-Din MH. Associating personality disorders in fathers with substance-related disorder and their index child behavioral problems: a cross-sectional study. Egypt J Psychiatr 2020;41:51-6

How to cite this URL:
Rabei SH, El-Din MH. Associating personality disorders in fathers with substance-related disorder and their index child behavioral problems: a cross-sectional study. Egypt J Psychiatr [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];41:51-6. Available from: https://new.ejpsy.eg.net//text.asp?2020/41/1/51/276395




  Introduction Top


Operational definitions

  1. Externalizing behavior problems: a group of behavior problems that are manifested in children’s outward behavior and reflect the child negatively acting on the external environment (such as disruptive, hyperactive, and aggressive behaviors) (Eisenberget al., 2001).
  2. Internalizing behavior problems: a grouping of behavior problems that more centrally affect the child’s internal psychological environment rather than the external world (such as withdrawn, anxious, inhibited, and depressed behaviors) (Eisenberget al., 2001).
  3. Substance use disorder: the recurrent use of alcohol and/or drugs that causes clinically and functionally significant impairment, such as health problems, disability, and failure to meet major responsibilities at work, school, or home. The diagnosis of substance use disorder is based on evidence of impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria (DSM-5, 2013).
  4. Personality disorder: an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviated markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, pervasive, inflexible, stable over time, starting in adolescence and leading to distress or impairment (DSM-5, 2013).


The family remains the primary source of proper attachment, nurturing, and socialization. Each family member is uniquely affected by the parental disorders, but not limited to having unmet developmental needs, impaired attachment, economic hardship, legal problems, emotional distress, and sometimes violence being perpetrated against him or her. For children there is also an increased risk of developing disorders themselves (Zimic and Jakic, 2012).

Children internalize experiences with their caregivers and form ‘working models’ to guide their interactions with the world around them (Dixon et al., 2005). Less nurturing parenting may disrupt children’s sense of security and increase the risk for later depression (Hale et al., 2006).

Poor parenting may allow children to have deviant peers who maintain children’s externalizing behaviors following parent’s recovery (Dishion and Owen, 2002). Child’s age affects internalizing problems (Hussong et al., 2008).

Psychiatric disorders and problem behavior scores were compared in preadolescent children of fathers with substance-related disorder SD and antisocial personality disorder ASP (SD+/ASP+), children whose fathers had substance dependence without ASP (SD+/ASP−), and children whose fathers were without either disorder (SD−/ASP−). The separate analyses of the lifetime prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders and the dimensional ratings of problem behaviors generated by mothers and teachers converge to support the notion of increased internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children of antisocial substance-dependent fathers (Moss et al., 2010).


  Patients and methods Top


Type of study

Observational study.

Site of study

The patients were recruited from the inpatient wards and outpatient clinics of the Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University. The institute is located in Eastern Cairo and serves a catchment area of about the third of Greater Cairo. It serves both urban and rural areas, including areas around Greater Cairo as well.

Duration of the study

The research was performed during the period from June 2017 till the end of January 2018.

Participants

The sample was a convenient one.

The recruitment continued until we had 100 children and adolescents

Inclusion criteria

  1. Index child.
  2. Men and women.
  3. Children and adolescents were included, aged 6–18 years.
  4. Biological fathers who fulfill the diagnosis of current substance use disorder according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth-criteria). Urine toxicological screening from all fathers with substance use disorder is taken at the start of the treatment program.
  5. Fathers should be living with their spouse and parenting at least one child between the age of 6 and 18 years.


Exclusion criteria

  1. Axis I psychiatric diagnosis of fathers was made according to SCID-1 enrolling those with current substance use disorder and excluding those with comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders or nicotine dependence
  2. Families with both fathers and mothers with substance use disorder. The mother of the study participants completed the SCID-1 excluding those with current or lifetime substance use disorder diagnosis.


Ethical considerations and consent

The researchers explained the details of the research goals to the fathers and mothers, ensured that the obtained data will be confidential and that the participants could withdraw from the study at any time, and those who refused to participate or withdraw during the interview were excluded (n=19). Participants gave informed consent for participation. We requested participant permission to contact their spouses who shared parenting responsibilities.

Ethical approval of the protocol of research was obtained by the authority of Ain Shams University Ethics and Research Committee.

Tools

  1. SCID-II is a semi-structured diagnostic interview based on an efficient but thorough clinical evaluation administered by an experienced, trained bilingual researcher to match Arabic speaking patients. SCID-II was used in previous Egyptian studies.
  2. Child behavioral check list: is designed to be completed by the parents or caregivers of children between the ages of 6 and 18 years (mothers of the study participants completed the Child Behavior Checklist − reporting the index child). It provides rich clinical data concerning the functioning of the child in several domains: social competence, total problems, and internalizing and externalizing syndromes. Scores are broken down into clinical range, subclinical range, and normal range for each domain. There are a total of 113 problem items that the parents must answer. It is used to create syndrome scales. The eight-syndrome scale can be divided into internalizing syndromes (anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, and somatic complaints), and externalizing syndromes (rule breaking behavior and aggressive behavior). The child behavior checklist score is calculated according to the T-score range, in which a T-score range from 70 to 100 suggests higher risk for a certain disorder and a T-score of 65–70 range for subclinical risk. We tested an internalizing construct that included raw scores on the withdrawn, anxious/depressed, and somatic complaint syndromes and an externalizing construct that included raw scores on the delinquent and aggressive behavior syndromes plus scores on the attention problem syndrome.


Mothers also were inquired about their index child scholastic achievements.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was done using the statistical package for the social sciences, version-22 (SPSS-22). Student’s t-test was used for comparison between the means of different groups. Pearson χ2-test was used for comparison between qualitative variables. Exact test was used instead when the expected frequency is less than 5. P value was used to indicate the level of significance, where P=0.05 is considered significant, P=0.01 is highly significant, P=0.001 is very highly significant. All statistical calculations were done using computer program IBM statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA) release 22 for Microsoft Windows.


  Results Top


Among children studied 56% are males, 77% are being educated with 50% satisfactory scholastic achievement. Children’s age range is from 6-18 years old. Fathers’ age range is from 20-60 years. 65% of fathers are employed and 38% of them are poly-substance abusers. 51% have been abusing substance for 11-20 years. On CBCL, 43% of children have affective problems, 26% have anxiety problems, 21% have conduct problems, 16% somatic problems, 11% have oppositional problems and 7% have ADHD problems. Some children have problems in more than one domain. As to father’s personality disorder, 57% have passive aggressive, 55 % have dependent, 41% have avoidant, 40% have depressive, 32% have antisocial, 31% have paranoid, 28% have narcissistic, 22% have histrionic, 21% have borderline, 18% have schizoid, 15% have schizotypal and 4% have obsessive compulsive personality disorders. Some fathers have multiple personality disorders.

Paranoid personality disorder in father is significantly associated to anxious/depressed, withdrawn/depressed, somatic, social problems, rule breaking, conduct, oppositional and ADHD problems in their index children. Passive aggressive personality disorder in father is significantly associated to withdrawn/depressed, social problems, aggressive, ADHD and anxiety problems in their index children. Depressive personality disorder in fathers’ is associated to almost all domains of CBCL in their index child. Narcissistic personality disorder in father is significantly associated to anxious/depressed, rule breaking, aggressive, conduct, oppositional and ADHD problems in their index children. Antisocial personality disorder in father is significantly associated to anxious/depressed, thought, aggressive, oppositional problems in their index children ([Table 1],[Table 2],[Table 3],[Table 4]).
Table 1 Description of sample demographics

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Table 2 Description of children’s child behavior checklist

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Table 3 Description of father’s personality disorders

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Table 4 Associating child behavior checklist to comorbid personality disorder in father by multiple logistic regression

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  Discussion Top


This study shows that antisocial personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with oppositional, aggressive, externalizing, anxious/depressed, and thought problems of their index children. This agrees with Moss et al. (2010) who show that SD+/ASP+ children showed elevated rates of major depression, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and separation anxiety disorder when compared with SD+/ASP− and SD−/ASP− children. These are internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children of antisocial substance-dependent fathers.

This study shows that histrionic personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with withdrawn/depressed index children. Also, it shows that borderline personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with somatic and externalizing problems of their index children. This partially agrees with Bartlett (2000) who states that externalizing behaviors in children of mothers with borderline personality disorder were clearly observed; however, some significant internalizing behaviors were seen as well.

This study shows that histrionic personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with withdrawal and affective problems in their index children.

This study shows that narcissistic personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with attention-deficit hyperactive, oppositional, conduct, rule breaking, aggressive, externalizing problems, and anxious/depressed index children. This partially agrees with Rappoport (2005) who introduced the term ‘co-narcissism’ in children of narcissistic parents. Low self-esteem creates a desire to please others unable to penetrate their parents’ self-absorption.

This study shows that paranoid personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with a majority of problems in their index children; and that depressive personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with almost all problems of their index children. Also, it shows that passive aggressive personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with withdrawal, social, externalizing, total problems of their index children; and that avoidant personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with oppositional problems of their index children; in addition to the finding that dependent personality disorder in fathers with substance-related disorder is associated with somatic problems of their index children. This partially agrees with He et al. (2019), who explored in a cross-sectional survey the associations between parental type D personality (TDP), parent–child interactive activities, and children’s hyperactive behaviors, provided by 47 648 parent–child dyads using multiple regression analysis. TDP is a stable personality construct that refers to a combination of two traits: negative affectivity and social inhibition. Parental TDP was negatively associated with the frequency of parent–child interactive activities and was positively associated with children’s hyperactive behaviors.[11]

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Bartlett R (2000). Externalizing behaviour in children of mothers with borderline personality organization and depressive symptoms. Doctoral dissertation for Columbia University PhD Philosophy. https://Elibrary.ru 2000.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Dishion TJ, Owen LD (2002). A longitudinal analysis of friendships and substance use: bidirectional influence from adolescence to adulthood. Dev Psychol 38:480–491.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Dixon L, Hamilton-Giachritis C, Browne KD (2005). Risk factors and behavioral measures of parents abused as children: a mediational analysis of the intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 46:47–57.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
American psychiatric association (2013) Diagnostic & statistical manual 5th edition. Washington DC: American psychiatric publishing. New school library. 2013.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Eisenberg N, Cumberland A, Spinrad T, Fabes R, Shepard S, Reiser M et al. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Dev 72:1112–1134.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Hale WW, Engels R, Meeus W (2006). Adolescent’s perceptions of parenting behaviors and its relationship to adolescent generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. J Adolesc 29:407–417.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
He GH, Liu L, Strodl E, Ruan ZL, Jiang H, Jing J et al. (2019). Parental type D personality and children’s hyperactive behaviors: the mediating role of parent–child interactive activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:1116.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Hussong AM, Flora DB, Curran PJ, Chassin LA, Zucker RA (2008). Defining risk heterogeneity for internalizing symptoms among children of alcoholic parents. Dev Psychopathol 20:165–193.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Moss HB, Baron DA, Hardie TL, Vanyukov MM (2010). Pre-adolescent children of substance-dependent fathers with antisocial personality disorder: psychiatric disorders and problem behaviors. Am J Addict 10:269–278.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Rappoport A (2005). Co-narcissism: How we accommodate to narcissists parents. www.alanrappoport.com publications & writings 2000.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Zimic J, Jakic V (2012). Familial risk factors favoring drug addiction onset. J Psychoactive Drugs 44:173–185.  Back to cited text no. 11
    



 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]



 

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Abstract
Introduction
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