• Users Online: 2842
  • Home
  • Print this page
  • Email this page
Home Current issue Archives Ahead of print Search Subscribe Instructions Submit article About us Editorial board Contacts Login 

 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2021  |  Volume : 42  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 115-122

Profile of egyptian patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbidity


1 Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, The WHO Collaborating Center for Mental Health Research & Training, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
2 Al Mashfa Psychiatric Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

Date of Submission28-Feb-2021
Date of Decision25-Mar-2021
Date of Acceptance07-Apr-2021
Date of Web Publication28-Sep-2021

Correspondence Address:
MD Mahmoud Morsy
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okasha Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbasseyia, Cairo, 11775
Egypt
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ejpsy.ejpsy_4_21

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Background Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric disorder associated with a wide range of psychopathology, including unstable mood, impulsive behavior, and suicidality, which is a defining feature of borderline, as well as high rates of axis I comorbidity.
Aim To identify the profile of psychiatric comorbidity among patients with BPD and to compare them with a group of patients with BPD without comorbidity regarding some demographic variables, suicidal behavior, impulsivity, and functioning.
Methods Structural Clinical Interviewing was done for DSM-IV axis I and axis II diagnoses. We recruited 30 patients with BPD, without axis I comorbidity (group I) and other 31 patients with BPD with comorbidity (group II). We compared both groups regarding different demographic variables, family circumstances impulsivity, suicidality, and functioning using suicide behavior questionnaire − revised, Barratt impulsiveness scale II, and global assessment of function.
Results Patients with BPD in group II had one additional diagnosis, mainly major depression (35.5%), substance-related disorder (35.5%), anxiety disorder (16.1%), whereas bipolar disorder and eating disorders were equally rated (6.5% each). Group II patients scored significantly higher in the total suicidality scores using suicide behavior questionnaire − revised than group I, yet the two groups did not differ significantly in impulsivity scores. Meanwhile, the former group was significantly younger (P=0.05), and they started their illness and seeked treatment at a younger age with more history of previous hospitalization than did group I. In addition, their global assessment of function is significantly impaired (P=0.002).
Conclusion Comorbidities in patients with BPD are high, mainly major depression and substance-related disorders, which are associated with increased suicidality behavior, hospital admission, and impaired functioning. Data obtained conveys the need to give high priority to recognize the comorbidities that pose risk on the lives of patients with BPD.

Keywords: borderline personality disorder, comorbidity, impulsivity, suicidality


How to cite this article:
El Ghamry R, Omar AN, Zaki N, Elshahawi H, Naoom D, Hashim R, Morsy M. Profile of egyptian patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbidity. Egypt J Psychiatr 2021;42:115-22

How to cite this URL:
El Ghamry R, Omar AN, Zaki N, Elshahawi H, Naoom D, Hashim R, Morsy M. Profile of egyptian patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbidity. Egypt J Psychiatr [serial online] 2021 [cited 2024 Mar 29];42:115-22. Available from: https://new.ejpsy.eg.net//text.asp?2021/42/3/115/326853




  Introduction Top


Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent instability in emotion regulation, identity and self-image, relationship problems, impulsivity, and repeated self-injurious behavior (Shah and Zanarini, 2018). Moreover, it is associated with high psychosocial and socioeconomic costs (Soeteman et al., 2008).

BPD is characterized by polymorphic symptoms and numerous co-existing psychiatric disorders (Shen et al., 2017), such as mood disorder, anxiety disorder, substance use disorder (SUD), and other personality disorders (Tomko et al., 2014).

Comorbidities in BPD reflect a connection with both internalizing and externalizing disorders and symptoms. This indicates that unlike many other disorders that are more strongly associated with either internalizing or externalizing symptoms, BPD is associated with domains of symptoms and categories of disorders. Studies have found a mean of 4.1 lifetime axis I comorbidities for patients with BPD (Biskin, 2013).

Although patients with BPD experienced declining rates of many axis I disorders over time, the rates of these disorders remained high, particularly the rates of mood and anxiety disorders. Patients whose BPD remitted over time experienced substantial decline in all comorbid disorders assessed, but those whose BPD did not remit over time reported stable rates of comorbid disorders (Zanarini et al., 2004a).

One of the enduring challenges in treating patients with BPD is that only a minority have straightforward clinical presentations with no comorbidity. BPD typically coexists with depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Symptoms of these conditions may lead the clinician to miss the diagnosis of personality disorder entirely (Gunderson, 2015).

This study aims to identify the profile of psychiatric comorbidity among patients with BPD and to compare them with a group of patients with BPD without comorbidity regarding some demographic variables, suicidal behavior, impulsivity, and functioning.


  Methods Top


To fulfill this aim, we designed a cross-sectional study. We estimated the sample size using the Epi info program to be about 30 participants without comorbidity, who comprised group I, and other 31 patients with comorbidity, who formed group II.

Recruited patients were selected from two psychiatric hospitals located in Cairo. Patients were diagnosed according to the DSM-IV criteria, using Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders axis I an II (SCID) I and SCID II (First et al., 1997, 1996).

All participants were adults with no medical or neurological disorders and who signed an informed written consent.

Recruited patients were subjected to the following:
  1. Reassessment by senior researchers to confirm the diagnosis using SCID I (Firstet al., 1997).
    1. The SCID I) is a clinician-administered, semistructured interview for use with psychiatric patients. The SCID I was developed to provide broad coverage of psychiatric diagnosis according to DSM-IV. We used the Arabic Version (El Missiryet al., 2004).
    2. SCID II (Firstet al., 1996). It is administered to evaluate an axis II diagnosis. It is a semistructured clinical interview that was developed to categorically and/or dimensionally assess the DSM-IV personality disorders. We used the Arabic Version (Hatataet al., 2004).
  2. Assessment of suicidality:


We used suicide behaviors questionnaire − revised (SBQ-R) (Osman et al., 2001). It is a self-administered questionnaire assessing suicide behaviors. It is composed of four items, each tapping a different dimension of suicidality.

Item 1 focuses on lifetime suicide ideation and/or suicide attempts. Item 2 assesses the frequency of suicidal ideation over the past 2 months. Item 3 assesses the threat of suicide attempt. Item 4 evaluates self-reported likelihood of suicidal behavior in the future.

Scoring cutoff scores in the adult generation population are equal to or more than 7. The test has a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 95%. The reliability value of the Arabic version was found to be high as well (Cronbach’s alpha=0.88).
  1. Assessment of impulsivity:


We used Barratt impulsiveness scale, version 11 (BIS-11) (Patton et al., 1995), the Arabic version by Ellouze et al. (2013), to assess impulsivity.

It is a self-administered questionnaire designed to assess the personality/behavioral construct of impulsiveness. The BIS is the most widely used self-report measure of impulsive personality traits. It includes 30 items that yield six first-order factors (attention, motor, self-control, cognitive complexity, perseverance, and cognitive instability impulsiveness) and three second-order factors (attentional, motor, and nonplanning impulsiveness).

We used the Arabic version (El Rafie et al., 2009). The reliability of this version was found to be high as well (Cronbach’s alpha=0.88).
  1. Global assessment of function (GAF) (Hall, 1995).


It is a numeric scale (0 through 100) used by mental health clinicians and physicians to rate subjectively the social, occupational, and psychological functioning of adults. The GAF had been used extensively in Egyptian patients (Awad et al., 2008).

Ethical consideration

This study was approved by the Ain Shams Research Ethical Committee and was performed according to the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. All included participants signed an informed consent after explaining to them the details of the research goals, ensuring the confidentiality of the obtained data, and acknowledging their voluntary participation.

Statistical analysis

Data analysis was done using statistical package for the social sciences (Statistical Package for Social Sciences SPSS, 2013). To analyze quantitative variables, we used the Student t test, which serves for comparison between two means, whereas Pearson χ2 test was used for comparing quantitative variables. P value was used to indicate the level of significance, where P value of 0.05 is considered significant.


  Results Top


Profile of comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder

Overall, 35.5% of group II patients with BPD met the criteria of major depression, and most of them were females ([Figure 1]). However, another equal percentage (35.5%) was labeled with the diagnosis of substance-related disorders, and the majority of them were males. Anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, and eating disorders were exclusively encountered in female patients (16.1, 6.5, and 6.5%, respectively) ([Table 1]).
Figure 1 Borderline personality disorder patients with Axis I co-morbidity.

Click here to view
Table 1 Borderline personality disorder patients with axis I comorbidity

Click here to view


Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Comparison between the two studied groups revealed that borderline patients with axis I comorbidity were significantly younger (P=0.05), and they started their illness significantly at an earlier age (P=0.004). They seek treatment also at a younger age than did borderline patients without comorbidity ([Table 2]). In addition, 45.2% of them were previously hospitalized compared with only 6.7% in group II.
Table 2 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristic: comparison between patients with borderline personality disorder with and without axis I comorbidity

Click here to view


Male patients were nonsignificantly more prevalent in group II (25.8%), whereas female patients outnumbered males in group I (90%) (P=0.203). Moreover, no statistical difference was elicited when we compared both groups regarding the history of child abuse and family role.

Borderline patients with axis I comorbidity scored significantly higher in the total suicidality scores using SBQ-R ([Table 2]). However, no differences in impulsivity scores could be detected between the two groups. Moreover, they showed poorer functioning in the GAT compared with their counterpart patients ([Table 2]).

Profile of suicidality in patients group with axis I comorbidity

Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BDP) with comorbidity were classified according to their scores on ‘SBQ-R’ to patients with or without suicidality, and then they were compared according to some demographic variables and family circumstances.

Data revealed nonsignificant differences between the studied groups regarding sex, marital status, occupation, education, and social class. However, patients with suicidality were significantly older, have rigid families, and were exposed more extensively to physical and sexual abuse than those with no suicidality ([Table 3]).
Table 3 Profile of suicidality in borderline patients with axis I comorbidities

Click here to view


Correlation between impulsivity and suicidality in patients with borderline personality disorder with axis I comorbidity

Data displayed in [Table 4] revealed a negative correlation (P=0.028) between total suicidality score and item PII in impulsivity scale (PII), which indicated impaired cognitive abilities to control impulse. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between both items 2 in SBQ-R, which reflected the frequency of suicidal ideation over the past 12 months, and item 4, which denotes self-reported likelihood of suicidal behavior in the future and ability to control impulses.
Table 4 Spearman correlation between suicidality (suicide behavior questionnaire − revised) and impulsivity (Barratt impulsiveness scale 11) in patients with borderline personality disorder who have axis I comorbidities

Click here to view





  Discussion Top


BPD is a prevalent, chronic, and debilitating syndrome associated with high rates of substantial medical and psychiatric comorbidity (Soloff, 2000; Sansone and Sansone, 2011; Trull et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2019).

Comorbid disorders are more easily recognized and more regularly treated. Thus, they hide the symptoms of personality disorder, which go untreated underchecked with delayed diagnosis (Saletrs-Pedneault, 2000; Shen et al., 2017).

The economic burden of BPD with a comorbid psychiatric disorder is associated with functional impairment and high rates of mortality by suicide (Shen et al., 2017).

Few studies about BPD were conducted in Egypt and Arab countries (Abdel-Latif et al., 1996; Asaad and Okasha, 2002; El-Adl and Hassan, 2009; Magd et al., 2019).

Our study could be the first step toward a better understanding of borderline personality and its relevance to psychiatric comorbidities, impulsivity, and suicidality.

This work aimed to identify psychiatric comorbidities among patients with BPD and to compare a group of patients with BPD with axis I comorbidity versus the other group with no comorbidity regarding sociodemographic variable, family background, clinical profile, and their scores on impulsivity and suicidality scales.

Profile of axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder

Our study revealed that 35.5% of the studied population met the DSM-IV criteria of a depressive episode. It seems that this finding coincides with other data in cross-sectional studies which report that comorbid major depression ranged from 32 to 83% (Zanarini et al., 2004b; Biskin, 2013; Shen et al., 2017). Moreover, 6.5% have bipolar disorder, and this result is in contrast to the finding of Lenzenweger et al. (2007), who estimated that the bipolar disorder was 14.8%. This difference may be owing to sampling differences.

Features of BPD such as affective instability, interpersonal difficulties, and emptiness may be related to the high rates of comorbidity between mood and anxiety disorder with BPD (Eaton et al., 2010).

Among patients with BPD having axis I comorbid psychiatric disorders, we estimated that 35.5% had substance-related problems either abuse or dependence syndrome. It is worth telling that previous studies on BPD patients have frequently documented range from 23 to 84% presence of comorbid alcohol and SUD (Zanarini et al., 2004a; Tomko et al., 2014; Trull et al., 2018). The differences in those studies may reflect different study samples.

The cooccurrence of BPD and substance abuse may be explained by the negative emotionality (Sher and Trull, 2002). Moreover, substance abuse increases patients’ risk for impulsive suicidal behavior and impaired judgment (Links and Kolla, 2005).

A plethora of documents by numerous cross-sectional studies estimated the prevalence of comorbid anxiety disorder ranged from 35 to 88% (Shah and Zanarini, 2018). However, the rate of anxiety disorders in our study was only 16.1%. A cross-cultural study should be addressed to explain these differences.

The cooccurrence of BPD with eating disorder is commonly reported and was found to range from 3 to 26% (Shah and Zanarini, 2018).

With a percentage of 6.5% in our patients, we assumed that cultural factors or sample selection may contribute to such low percentage.

Characteristics of BDP with axis I comorbidity

BPD is a major health problem, particularly among women. Although research findings on the prevalence of BPD in men and women are inconsistent (Johnson et al., 2003), it is generally estimated that two-thirds of those diagnosed with BPD are women. Consequently, most of the literature and the majority of the empirical studies focus on BPD in women. Additionally, different research studies concluded that a higher proportion of women than men experience BPD between the ages of 30 and 44 years (Tomko et al., 2014).

There are notable sex differences in BPD concerning axis I comorbidity, as men with BPD are more likely to have SUDs whereas women with BPD are more likely to experience eating, mood, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorders (Sansone and Sansone, 2011). These findings are in concordance with our results that comorbidity with SUDs are found to be more in males, whereas mood and anxiety disorders are predominant among females.

Our study revealed that patients with BPD with psychiatric comorbidity developed symptoms at an earlier age and also seeked treatment at a younger age than those with no comorbidities. It seems that their clinical symptoms were much more severe which necessitated hospitalization more frequently than their counterparts.

Moreover, their scores on GAF are much worse than the noncomorbid group. Our finding is concordant with different authors who reported that individuals with BPD showed impaired functioning in social relationships, occupation leisure activities, legal problems, and financial difficulties (Skodol et al., 2005; Ansell et al., 2007; Tomko et al., 2014).

Impulsivity in BPD is considered by Linhartová et al. (2019a, 2019b) to be either a consequence of some personality traits or dysfunction of a neurobiological or cognitive function. Naoum et al. (2017) stated that impulsivity is a core feature of BPD, and they found their patients with BDP scored significantly higher in BIS than healthy control, especially in choice or reward-related impulsivity than motor impulsivity. However, our patients with BPD with comorbidity did not show any significant differences in impulsivity scores than their noncomorbid counterparts.

Numerous data emphasized that comorbidity in patients with BDP is a contributor to a heightened risk for aggression and suicidal behavior; this is clear from our study that the total suicidality scores obtained by BDP with comorbidity are significantly higher than their comparison group.

Many authors explained that the high comorbidity of BPD with major depression increases the hopelessness, mood instability, and hence increases the number and seriousness of suicide attempts (Torgersen et al., 2001; Skodol et al., 2005).

Unlike patients with mood disorders who reported suicidal ideation only when depressed, patients with BPD have chronic suicidal ideation and numerous self-harm behaviors (Paris, 2019). He added that patients with BPD have a mean of three-lifetime suicide attempts, and up to 10% of them will die by suicide. Meanwhile, the comorbidity of BPD with substance abuse increases patients’ risk for impulsive suicidal behavior and impaired judgment (Links and Kolla, 2005).

Patients with comorbidity were further compared according to suicidality scores obtained using SBQ-4. We revealed that patients with BPD with comorbidity and high scores of suicidality were significantly older, had more disturbed family relations, and were exposed more frequently to physical and sexual abuse during childhood.

Using Spearman correlation between suicidality and impulsivity among patients with BDP with comorbidity revealed a negative correlation between total suicidality scores with cognitive abilities to control impulsive and frequency of suicidal ideation over the last year. Our findings go with reports which indicated that adults with BPD have cognitive inflexibility and poor self-monitoring which may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction (Kunert et al., 2003).

Strength and limitation

The strength of this study is that it is one of few studies conducted in Egypt to compare BPD with and without comorbidity, yet the study was limited by the small sample size, and also, we did not examine the comorbidity with other axis II disorder. There is also a need for evaluation of these participants over a longitudinal period of time to determine the effect of these comorbidities upon their prognosis. Additional studies should be conducted for further validation of our findings.

Conclusion and recommendations

BPD is a complex clinical problem with polymorphic symptoms owing to high psychiatric comorbidity.

We revealed that the most frequent axis I comorbidity is major depression among females and SUD among males. Other comorbid axis I disorders include anxiety, eating disorder, and bipolar disorder. Patients with comorbidity were significantly younger, more hospitalized, with higher suicidality scores.

Hopefully, patients with BPD with axis I comorbidity will be diagnosed early and the management plan for them would be individualized according to the existing comorbidity aiming to minimize the burden of the emotional pain experienced by those miserable individuals.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Professor Afaf Hamed Khalil for her technical support and guidance.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.









[42]



 
  References Top

1.
Abdel-Latif RR, Khashaba AM, El-Maghraby MM, El-Amin H, El-Safy ER (1996). Demographic study and personality disorder assessment in parasuicide in Sharkia-Egypt. J Psych 19:91–100.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Ansell EB, Sanislow CA, McGlashan TH, Grilo CM (2007). Psychosocial impairment and treatment utilization by patients with borderline personality disorder, other personality disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, and a healthy comparison group. Compr Psychiatry 48:329–336.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Asaad T, Okasha T (2002). Sleep EEG findings in ICD-10 BPD in Egypt. J Affect Disord 71:11–18.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Awad M, Sheikh M, Hatatah M (2008). Psychological profile and impulsivity levels of BPD and MDD Egyptian females, current psychiatry. Ain Shams Univ V.15: N2.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Biskin RS (2013). Treatment of borderline personality disorder in youth. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22:230–234.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Eaton NR, Krueger RF, Keyes KM, Skodol AE, Markon KE, Grant BF et al. (2010). Borderline personality disorder comorbidity: relationship to the internalizing-externalizing structure of common mental disorders. Psychol Med 41:1041–1050.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
El-Adl M, Hassan S (2009). The borderline patient: mental health clinicians’ experience and views. Arab J Psychiatry 20:135–146.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
El Missiry A, Sorour A, Sadek A, Fahy T, Abdel Mawgoud M, Asaad T (2004). Homicide and psychiatric illness: an Egyptian study [MD thesis]. Cairo, Egypt: Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
El Rafie HH, Ghanem M, Gamal H, Mohamed MM, Abdel Samiee AM, Shaker N. (2009). Psychiatric assessment of cases with self-inflicted poisoning in a sample of Egyptian children and adolescents [MD thesis]. Cairo, Egypt: Institute of Psychiatry, Ain Shams University.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Ellouze F, Ghaffari O, Zouari O, Zouari B, M’rad MF (2013). Validation of the dialectal Arabic version of Barratt’s impulsivity scale, the BIS-11. L’Encephale 39:13–18.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JBW (1996). User’s guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV personality disorders (SCID-II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press Inc.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, William J. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSMIV axis I disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Gunderson J, Weinberg I, Choi-Kain L (2013). Borderline personality disorder. FOCUS: J Lifelong Learn Psychiatr 11:249–260. 10.1176/appi.focus.11.2.129  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Hall RCW (1995). Global assessment of functioning: a modified scale. Psychosomatics 36:267–275.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Hatata HA, Khalil AH, Abdou TA, Abozeid MY, Okasha T (2004). Dual diagnosis in substance use disorder: a study in an Egyptian sample [MD thesis]. Cairo, Egypt: Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Johnson DM, Shea MT, Yen S, Battle CL, Zlotnick C, Sanislow CA et al. (2003). Gender differences in borderline personality disorder: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. Compr Psychiatry 44:284–292.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
Kunert HJ, Druecke HW, Sass H, Herpertz SC (2003). Frontal lobe dysfunctions in borderline personality disorder? Neuropsychological findings. J Pers Disord 17:497–509.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Lenzenweger MF, Lane MC, Loranger AW, Kessler RC (2007). DSM-IV personality disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry 62:553–564.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Linhartová P, Látalová A, Barteček R, Širůček J, Theiner P, Ejova A et al. (2019a). Impulsivity in patients with borderline personality disorder: a comprehensive profile compared with healthy people and patients with ADHD. Psychol Med 23:1–10.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Linhartová P, Širůček J, Ejova A, Barteček R, Theiner P, Tomáš Kašpárek T (2019b). Dimensions of impulsivity in healthy people, patients with borderline personality disorder, and patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Atten Disord 25:584–595.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Links PS, Kolla N (2005). Assessing and managing suicide risk. In: Oldham J, Skodol AE, Bender DS, editors. Textbooersonality disorders. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing Inc; p 449–462..  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Magd SA, Rakhawy M, Mamdouh R, Shaheen S (2019). Impulsivity, suicidality, and emotional dysregulation in women having borderline personality disorder with and without substance dependence. Egypt J Psychiatry 40:59–63.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Naoum DO, Omar AM, Soliman AM, El Shahawi HH, Mahmoud NZ, El Ghamry RH (2017). Risk assessment and its correlation to psychiatric co-morbidities in a sample of borderline personality disorder patients [MD thesis]. Cairo, Egypt: Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Osman A, Bagge C, Gutierrez P, Konick LC, Kopper BA, Barrois FX (2001). The suicidal behaviors questionnaire − revised (SBQ-R): validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment 8:443–454.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Paris J (2019). Suicidality in borderline personality disorder. Medicina 55:223.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES (1995). Factor structure of the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale. J Clin Psychol 51:768–774.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Saletrs-Pedneault K (2000). Comorbidities and borderline personality disorder. Verywell Mind. Available at: https://www.verywellmind.com/comorbidity-definition-425288. [Accessed date 2018].  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Sansone RA, Sansone LA (2011). Gender patterns in borderline personality disorder. Innov Clin Neurosci 8:16–20.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Shah R, Zanarini MC (2018). Comorbidity of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr Clin N Am 41:P583–P593.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Shen CC, Hu LY, Hu YH (2017). Comorbidity study of borderline personality disorder: applying association rule mining to the Taiwan national health insurance research database. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 17:8.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Sher KJ, Trull TJ (2002). Substance use disorder and personality disorder. Curr Psychiatry Rep 4:25–29.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Skodol AE, Pagano ME, Bender DS, Shea MT, Gunderson JG, Yen S et al. (2005). Stability of functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Psychol Med 35:443–451.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Soeteman D, Verheul R, Busschbach J. (2008). The burden of disease in personality disorders: diagnosis-specific quality of life. J Pers Disord 22:259–268.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Soloff P (2000). Psychopharmacology of borderline personality disorder. Psychiatr N Am 23:169–192.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (2013). Software version 22.0, IBM Corp. Chicago, USA: SPSS.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Tomko RL, Trull TJ, Wood PK, Sher KJ (2014). Characteristics of borderline personality disorder in a community sample: comorbidity, treatment utilization, and general functioning. J Pers Disord 2014; 28:734–750.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Torgersen S, Kringlen E, Cramer V (2001). The prevalence of personality disorders in a community sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:590–596.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Trull TJ, Distel MA, Carpenter RW (2011). DSM-5 borderline personality disorder: at the border between a dimensional and a categorical view. Curr Psychiatry Rep 13:43–49.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Trull TJ, Freeman LK, Vebares TJ, Choate AM, Helle AC, Wycoff AM (2018). Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders: an updated review. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 5:15.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Wang J, Chen Z, Sun W, Zheng YC, Hui L, Liu XH et al. (2019). A strategy to address high comorbidity of personality disorders in a chinese population: a principal and subordinate diagnostic model. Interpers Biol Process 82:272–282.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR (2004a). Axis I comorbidity in patients with borderline personality disorder: 6-year follow-up and prediction of time to remission. Am J Psychiatry 161:2108–2114.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Vujanovic AA, Hennen J, Reich DB, Silk KR (2004b). Axis II comorbidity of borderline personality disorder: description of 6-year course and prediction to time-to-remission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110:416–420.  Back to cited text no. 42
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]


This article has been cited by
1 Dream themes and rejection sensitivity of individuals with and without borderline personality disorder: a comparative study
Haydeh FARAJI
The European Research Journal. 2023; : 1
[Pubmed] | [DOI]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed3294    
    Printed88    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded184    
    Comments [Add]    
    Cited by others 1    

Recommend this journal


[TAG2]
[TAG3]
[TAG4]